示例简介

代码实现[Python]

# -*- coding: utf-8 -*- 
print(__doc__)

# Author: Alexandre Gramfort 
# License: BSD 3 clause

import matplotlib.pyplot as plt
import numpy as np

from sklearn.metrics import accuracy_score
from sklearn.linear_model import LogisticRegression
from sklearn.svm import SVC
from sklearn.gaussian_process import GaussianProcessClassifier
from sklearn.gaussian_process.kernels import RBF
from sklearn import datasets

iris = datasets.load_iris()
X = iris.data[:, 0:2]  # we only take the first two features for visualization
y = iris.target

n_features = X.shape[1]

C = 10
kernel = 1.0 * RBF([1.0, 1.0])  # for GPC

# 创建5个不同的分类器.
classifiers = {
    'L1 logistic': LogisticRegression(C=C, penalty='l1',
                                      solver='saga',
                                      multi_class='multinomial',
                                      max_iter=10000),
    'L2 logistic (Multinomial)': LogisticRegression(C=C, penalty='l2',
                                                    solver='saga',
                                                    multi_class='multinomial',
                                                    max_iter=10000),
    'L2 logistic (OvR)': LogisticRegression(C=C, penalty='l2',
                                            solver='saga',
                                            multi_class='ovr',
                                            max_iter=10000),
    'Linear SVC': SVC(kernel='linear', C=C, probability=True,
                      random_state=0),
    'GPC': GaussianProcessClassifier(kernel)
}

n_classifiers = len(classifiers)

plt.figure(figsize=(3 * 2, n_classifiers * 2))
plt.subplots_adjust(bottom=.2, top=.95)

xx = np.linspace(3, 9, 100)
yy = np.linspace(1, 5, 100).T
xx, yy = np.meshgrid(xx, yy)
Xfull = np.c_[xx.ravel(), yy.ravel()]

for index, (name, classifier) in enumerate(classifiers.items()):
    classifier.fit(X, y)

    y_pred = classifier.predict(X)
    accuracy = accuracy_score(y, y_pred)
    print("Accuracy (train) for %s: %0.1f%% " % (name, accuracy * 100))

    # View probabilities:
    probas = classifier.predict_proba(Xfull)
    n_classes = np.unique(y_pred).size
    for k in range(n_classes):
        plt.subplot(n_classifiers, n_classes, index * n_classes + k + 1)
        plt.title("Class %d" % k)
        if k == 0:
            plt.ylabel(name)
        imshow_handle = plt.imshow(probas[:, k].reshape((100, 100)),
                                   extent=(3, 9, 1, 5), origin='lower')
        plt.xticks(())
        plt.yticks(())
        idx = (y_pred == k)
        if idx.any():
            plt.scatter(X[idx, 0], X[idx, 1], marker='o', c='w', edgecolor='k')

ax = plt.axes([0.15, 0.04, 0.7, 0.05])
plt.title("Probability")
plt.colorbar(imshow_handle, cax=ax, orientation='horizontal')

plt.show()

代码执行

代码运行时间大约:0分1.409秒。
运行代码输出的文本内容如下，如上文所述OvR的LR不是天然的多分类器，所以效果相对较差。

Accuracy (train) for L1 logistic: 83.3%
Accuracy (train) for L2 logistic (Multinomial): 82.7%
Accuracy (train) for L2 logistic (OvR): 79.3%
Accuracy (train) for Linear SVC: 82.0%
Accuracy (train) for GPC: 82.7%

运行代码输出的图片内容如下，图中白色圆点表示样本，背景色的深浅表示概率的强度(见最后一张图，颜色越浅(黄)概率越大，颜色越深(深蓝)概率越小)。我们再次可以看到，对于OvR的逻辑回归，效果不太好——Class 1和Class 2的样本对应的概率强度比较低！

源码下载

• Python版源码文件: plot_classification_probability.py
• Jupyter Notebook版源码文件: plot_classification_probability.ipynb

参考资料

• Plot classification probability